How toppers approached UPSC mains questions

The fabric of Indian philosophical thought owes as much to Northern India as to Southern India. Elucidate.

The ethnic and cultural diversity in India has always been bound by the thread of unity. Discuss the major factors that have contributed to the cultural unity of India.

While social media facilitates unprecedented connectivity and self-expression, it can also widen social crevices and fractures. In this context, examine the impact of social media on Indian society.

Tourism in the hilly states is threatening to exceed the ecological carrying capacity of the region. Analyze the factors contributing to this trend and evaluate the potential Environmental impacts of this phenomenon. What measures can be taken to ensure sustainable tourism in these states?

Q.12) The third decade of the 20th century witnessed the emergence of new forces and ideological currents that influenced the character of the Indian national movement. Elaborate.

Q.18 "Air pollution is as much an issue of equity and justice as it is an environmental one." Elaborate with examples.

The process of consolidation of Bengal, which started after the Battle of Plassey culminated in the Battle of Buxar. Do you think the Battle of Buxar was more important for the British than Plassey?

Communalism gains strength from economic deprivation, and thrives in environments of social exclusion, creating fertile ground for discontent and division. Comment.

Q.2) The period of Delhi Sultans witnessed the emergence of Indo-Persian culture. Discuss the statement with reference to developments in the fields of literature, art and architecture.

Q.7) Identifying the major automobile clusters in India, enumerate the favourable factors for the location of the automobile industry.

The White Revolution was most successful in the Western part of India. Discuss the factors for this regional success of the White Revolution.

Q.5 The melting of glaciers due to climate change has serious implications for the ecosystem and human society. Discuss the effects of melting glaciers on the environment and the measures that can be taken to address this issue.

Q.2) Estimate the contributions of Chalukyas of Badami to Indian heritage and culture.

Q.14 "The Vietnam War was a proxy conflict rooted in the ideological rivalry of the Cold War." Comment.

Analyze the socio-cultural factors contributing to the high attrition rate among women in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) careers in India. Suggest measures to improve their retention in STEM.

Q.6) What are Northern and Southern lights? Explain the phenomenon and discuss their associated impacts on Earth's atmosphere and human activities.

Q.20 Analyze the socio-cultural factors contributing to the high attrition rate among women in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) careers in India. Suggest measures to improve their retention in STEM.

The fusion of Islamic architectural styles with indigenous Indian traditions played a key role in the evolution of Indo-Islamic architecture in the country. Discuss with examples.

Q.15 "The tropical Indian Ocean is likely to be in a near-permanent heatwave state." Discuss the factors responsible for the rapid warming of the Indian Ocean along with its multi-dimensional impacts.

How can the demographic transition in the southern states, marked by low fertility rates and an aging population, impact the region's economic growth and social welfare policies?

Q.17 Incidence of extreme rainfall events and flash floods in recent times has led to devastating consequences for major cities of India. Analyse.

Discuss how social media is reshaping identity formation and self-worth among adolescents in contemporary Indian society.

Q.1) In many ways, the Spanish civil war was the opening act of WWII. Comment.

Non-Cooperation Movement democratized India's freedom struggle but suffered from inherent limitations. Discuss.

Q.7 Describe the critical factors for location of defense industries and suggest measures to overcome the challenges.

What are the factors that influence population growth in the country? In this perspective, examine the relevance and need of raising the minimum marriageable age of women for population development.

Rooted in patriarchal values, gender-based violence, in all its manifestations, is antithetical to societal growth. Explain.

Q.19 Discuss various factors contributing to the water woes faced by Indian cities. Also, explain complexities in implementing a comprehensive water management plan.

The Indian society's impulse for social change and reform was a response to its opposition to colonial rule. Examine.

Q.3 What are the factors that led to the Russian revolution and what are the consequences of this revolution? Discuss its influence on the Indian national movement.

Taking further the success of Aspirational Districts Programme, Aspirational Blocks can help achieve the twin objectives of balanced growth and checking stress migration. Comment.

Q.5 Briefly discuss the role of plate tectonics theory in explaining the location of volcanoes. Also, explain the multifarious impacts of volcanoes on the surrounding regions.

Indian society is premised on some common values that give it a composite texture as well as some diverse practices that deepen its heterogeneity. Elucidate.

Q.4) The Vaikom Satyagraha marked a historic milestone in India's fight against social injustice, demonstrating the power of non-violent resistance in dismantling oppressive caste barriers. Explain.

Describe the nature and mode of origin of the main types of rock at the earth's crust.

Q.6 The White Revolution was most successful in the Western part of India. Discuss the factors for this regional success of the White Revolution.

Q.10 The dichotomy in public and private life in Indian society acts as a major barrier to the annihilation of caste. Justify.

Describing the distribution of sugarcane producing countries, examine the major environmental challenges associated with its cultivation.

Q.3) Give a brief account of the contributions of early nationalists to the Indian freedom struggle.

Q.5) The Oslo Accords, once hailed as a landmark diplomatic achievement, failed to address key issues, highlighting the challenges of achieving lasting peace between Israel and Palestine. Analyse.

Rare Earths Elements (REE) are considered as 'Vitamins of Modern Industry'. In this context, bring out the multi-dimensional implications of uneven distribution of REE in the world.

Explain how traditional gender roles and responsibilities exacerbate the vulnerability of women to extreme heat conditions. Suggest strategies to mitigate these vulnerabilities.

Elucidate the significance of tiger and elephant figures in Indian mythology, art and architecture.

Unemployment is not just an economic challenge, but a social one with far-reaching consequences. In this context, discuss the social impact of unemployment in the country.

Q.5) Briefly explain the processes through which the earth-atmosphere system maintains heat balance.

The recognition of LGBTQ rights in India marks significant progress, but the journey towards full societal integration and acceptance remains arduous, necessitating a profound socio-cultural shift. Elaborate.

"The regionalism in India is both a response to the failures in addressing regional aspirations and as an assertion of socio-cultural identity in the face of perceived marginalization." Comment.

Q.20 "Caste census is relevant and necessary for any well-designed policy to reduce social inequality". Comment.

Why is the First World War considered as the first 'total' war in modern history?

Q.1) Why has public bathing been a recurring practice across cultures and societies? Discuss with examples.

Examine the impacts of climate change on the hydrological cycle and suggest suitable mitigation and adaptation strategies to contain the harmful implications.

Do you think that the forces of modernization that catalyzed the eradication of social evils in Indian society have also threatened our cultural values and ethos?

Q.1) "Bhagavad Gita and Natyashastra are not merely texts; they exemplify the timeless wisdom, richness and diversity of Indian knowledge traditions." Elaborate.

Q.19 Why is it essential to focus on health in the context of urban planning and reforms? How can this be achieved?

Q.16 The Indian Ocean is warming at an alarming rate. How may it affect the food security of India?

Q.6 Taking further the success of Aspirational Districts Programme, Aspirational Blocks can help achieve the twin objectives of balanced growth and checking stress migration. Comment.

Q.9) Indian society is premised on some common values that give it a composite texture as well as some diverse practices that deepen its heterogeneity. Elucidate.

Q.11 Bring out the reasons behind the tribal unrest in British India. Also, analyze the reasons for their limited success.

The independence of India was not a result of a forced expulsion of the Empire, as desired by the Quit India Movement; it was rather a confluence of domestic politics and global circumstances. Analyze.

Enumerate the reasons behind rising intensity and frequency of cyclones in the Arabian Sea in recent years. Giving special reference to NDMA guidelines, recommend measures to check the adverse impacts of cyclones.

Sanskrit literature in general and particularly in the Guptan age set a high watermark for the literary history of ancient India. Discuss.

Q.19 Slums are not 'problems' that have to be 'solved' - but are indeed a result of lopsided and vested urban policies covering infrastructure provision and socio-economic issues. Analyse.

1. What are the issues involved in the above case? 2. Is it ethically justified to be devoted to duty at the cost of the personal safety of the staff? Discuss. 3. How will you go about doing your election duties without compromising the safety of your staff? Explain.

Explain why Sufism, a liberal reform movement in Islam could deepen its roots in the Indian sub-continent, despite Islam being a foreign religion? Also, bring out the impacts of Sufism on Indian society.

Q.14) Enumerate the reasons behind rising intensity and frequency of cyclones in the Arabian Sea in recent years. Giving special reference to NDMA guidelines, recommend measures to check the adverse impacts of cyclones.

Defining continental shelf, highlight its resource potential and ecological significance.

The anonymity and ease of drone operation contribute to the challenges of India's border security. Elaborate and give suggestions to tackle the drone problem in border areas.

Q.8 The pace of demographic transition varies across different states of India making population growth a double-edged sword. Comment.

India was forced into numerous wars post Independence. Highlight the causes and impact of the Indo-Pak and Indo-China wars on our bilateral relationships.

Q.20 Communalism gains strength from economic deprivation, and thrives in environments of social exclusion, creating fertile ground for discontent and division. Comment.

Give a reasoned account of the distribution of deserts across the earth with the help of relevant examples.

Q.19 "The regionalism in India is both a response to the failures in addressing regional aspirations and as an assertion of socio-cultural identity in the face of perceived marginalization." Comment.

Poverty and population growth are locked in a vicious cycle, where poverty restricts individuals' ability to break free from the cycle, while population growth strains resources. Discuss.

What are the key strategies used in dryland farming to overcome water scarcity and maximize agricultural productivity in arid and semi-arid regions? Also, discuss the need to promote dryland farming in India.

Q.2 The Indian society's impulse for social change and reform was a response to its opposition to colonial rule. Examine.

Q.2) Elucidate the significance of tiger and elephant figures in Indian mythology, art and architecture.

What factors can be attributed to the rising incidents of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) in the Himalayan region? Discuss with examples.

Q.7) Discuss how social media is reshaping identity formation and self-worth among adolescents in contemporary Indian society.

Q.5 "Migration is a vital livelihood strategy for rural households in developing countries like India." Elucidate.

Q.9 Explain the significance of population education in light of India's status as the world's most populous nation.

The richness and diversity of Indian society find vivid expression in the unique culture of its tribal communities. Elucidate.

Why is it essential to focus on health in the context of urban planning and reforms? How can this be achieved?

Q.1) "Nalanda is a symbol of India's academic heritage and vibrant cultural exchange". Elucidate with special references to foreign travelers' accounts.

Describe the significance of the Dandi March (1930) as the starting point of the Civil Disobedience Movement. Also, discuss the national and international reactions to the Dandi March and the Salt Satyagraha.

Q.13 Give a reasoned account of the distribution of deserts across the earth with the help of relevant examples.

Why has public bathing been a recurring practice across cultures and societies? Discuss with examples.

Q.13 Analyse the circumstances that led to Simla Agreement in 1972. Discuss the significance of the agreement.

Q.12) Describe the significance of the Dandi March (1930) as the starting point of the Civil Disobedience Movement. Also, discuss the national and international reactions to the Dandi March and the Salt Satyagraha.

Q.2) The Harappan civilization was a "technological powerhouse" that laid the foundation for sophisticated urban living in ancient South Asia. In light of this statement, discuss the key technological breakthroughs and contributions of this Bronze Age culture.

Q.4) Highlight the differences in the approach of Bhagat Singh and Mahatma Gandhi in the struggle for freedom.

“Air pollution is as much an issue of equity and justice as it is an environmental one.” Elaborate with examples.

Analyze the ideological differences and similarities between the revolutionary movement (1920-1930s) and the Gandhian non-violent struggle. How did these two ideologies influence each other?

Q.6) What characteristics of the monsoon climate play a crucial role in sustaining agriculture in Monsoon Asia?

Q.18 The richness and diversity of Indian society find vivid expression in the unique culture of its tribal communities. Elucidate.

Account for the factors influencing the location of semiconductor industries across the world.

How will the structural shift from coal-based power plants to renewable energy generation impact human development in coal-bearing states?

India has a rich heritage in the internationalization of education. In this context how will the recent push for the 'internationalization of education' impact society and foster cultural exchange?

"Migration is a vital livelihood strategy for rural households in developing countries like India." Elucidate.

Discuss the feasibility of Interlinking rivers to resolve the issue of water stress in other regions.

How has the contemporary women's movement encompassed diverse approaches beyond traditional methods? Also, highlight the unique contribution and challenges of the contemporary women's movement.

Q.16) Describe the various factors that influence ocean currents and discuss their multi-dimensional impact.

Q.17 Briefly explain the process of tide formation and differentiate between tides and waves.

Explain the geological features and ecological importance of the Eastern Ghats.

In the context of cultural diversity in India, can we consider Southern states as distinct cultural units in comparison to the rest of India? Substantiate your view.

How does temperature inversion affect atmospheric conditions and what are its implications for local weather patterns and air pollution levels?

Q.10 The world continues to operate in a 'my terrorist' versus 'your terrorist' paradigm. Explain. What strategies would you suggest to develop a unified, comprehensive, and rules-based global approach to tackle the menace of terrorism?

Q.14 Is the growing demand for stricter regulation of online content justified, or does it pose a threat to the right to freedom of speech and expression? Examine in light of recent judicial pronouncements.

Q.13 'The post of Deputy Speaker goes beyond ceremonial significance and is indispensable to Indian parliamentary democracy.' Discuss with relevant constitutional provisions and conventions. Also, examine the implications of the prolonged vacancy of the Deputy Speaker's post.

Critically examine the 'in-house procedure' adopted by the Apex Court to inquire into allegations of misconduct against judges of constitutional courts in India.

Q.4 'Lack of a binding framework for pre-legislative consultations in India limits citizen engagement in the lawmaking.' Propose measures to strengthen the role of public consultation in the legislative process.

Q.14 The interlinking of rivers offers several benefits, but also raises significant socio-economic and environmental concerns. Analyze.

How is the 'vertical' and 'horizontal' devolution of taxes to the states decided? Highlighting the concerns raised by some states regarding the devolution of taxes, suggest corrective measures.

To what extent can the rise of 'Kidfluencers' be seen as a reflection of changing family structures and parental aspirations in Indian society?

Q.5 'The recommendations of the 15th Finance Commission have enabled the States to improve their fiscal conditions.' Comment.

Q.9 'Starved of funds, shackled by geopolitics, WHO is facing a crisis of capacity and credibility.' Discuss the statement in the light of USA's withdrawal and its accusation of the health body of being 'biased towards China and mishandling the COVID-19 pandemic'.

Briefly explain the procedure laid down in the Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951 for the registration of political parties with the Election Commission of India (ECI). What are Registered Unrecognised Political Parties (RUPPs)? What concerns are associated with them? Does the ECI have powers to de-register a political party?

Q.2) The evolution of property rights in India reflects an intricate relationship that exists between individual rights and public welfare. Discuss this statement with the help of relevant constitutional provisions and case laws.

Lateral entry into civil services is seen as a reformative step, yet it continues to attract criticism and controversy. Discuss.

Q.19 Critically examine the role of International Monetary Fund (IMF) in addressing debt distress in the Global South. How can India use its post-G20 presidency momentum to push IMF reforms?

Q.16 Recent controversies over alleged malpractices in the electoral rolls have renewed demands for the mandatory linkage of Aadhaar with Voter ID. What is your opinion? Give reasons in support of your answer.

Q.5 What are Rare Earth Elements (REEs)? Discuss the multi-dimensional implications of uneven distribution of REEs in the world.

To what extent, in your opinion, have the ideals of the Preamble been realised in the country's 75-year constitutional journey?

How has the implementation of the POSH Act resulted in limited success in raising awareness about sexual harassment, and what factors have hindered its effective outreach to women employed in the unorganized sector? Propose strategies to bridge this gap and ensure comprehensive protection for women in the unorganized sector against workplace harassment.

When must you seek mentorship?

The flourishing of various art forms during the Kushana period reflects the rich and diverse cultural landscape of the time. What insights does this provide into the socio-cultural aspects of that era?

What are the geographical factors responsible for the growth of mangrove vegetation in India? Also highlight its role in coastal ecology.

Mahatma Jyotirao Phule's reformist ideas played a significant role in shaping the social foundations of the Indian freedom movement. Elaborate.

Q.20 Do you agree with the view that social media is a 'double edged sword'? Discuss in the context of its impact on Indian society.

Recent controversies over alleged malpractices in the electoral rolls have renewed demands for the mandatory linkage of Aadhaar with Voter ID. What is your opinion? Give reasons in support of your answer.

Q.17 Lateral entry into civil services is seen as a reformative step, yet it continues to attract criticism and controversy. Discuss.

Explain how the terms 'socialist' and 'secular' in the Preamble embody specific meanings in the Indian context.

Q.8) The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012 falls short of achieving its intended objectives. Comment.

Q.15 Discuss the role of the Vice-President as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. Also describe the procedure for his/her removal from office.

In what ways do industry and business associations contribute to socio-economic development in the country? Explain with suitable examples.

Q.7 "India's poverty lies in the eyes of the beholder." In light of this statement, examine the need for a credible and periodically updated poverty estimation framework in the country.

Bangladesh is a key pillar of India's Neighborhood First policy, but recent developments on both sides threaten to disrupt the 'Sonali Adhyay' in bilateral relations. Analyze.

Private Member's Bills (PMBs) seldom become law in India, yet they are an important aspect of parliamentary democracy. Bring out their significance and suggest steps to strengthen the PMB process.

Q.19) Women often form the backbone of grassroots movements in India, yet they remain largely invisible and excluded from the decision-making process. Examine.

Q.15 What steps are required for the constitutionalization of a Commission? Do you think granting constitutional status to the Central Information Commission (CIC) would strengthen the RTI regime in India? Give reasons.

Q.3) How has asymmetric federalism helped India accommodate its diverse regional needs? Discuss with suitable examples.

Q.18 "Data is the raw material of Artificial Intelligence." In this context, discuss the need for transparent and accountable data governance frameworks in India. What steps has the government taken in this regard?

Q.19 Examine the factors behind the growing salience of the Arctic region in international politics. Discuss, in this context, strategies for India to recalibrate its Arctic engagement.

MGNREGA, the lynchpin of rural poverty alleviation, has become the victim of fiscal apathy. Critically analyze the statement in light of recent developments.

"India must leverage, if not manage, the global divides". How can the current geopolitical churn pave the way for India's rise to the global high table?

Fundamental rights are not gifts bestowed upon by the state rather an individual possesses them independently of the state. In this context discuss the desirability of reasonable restrictions on various fundamental rights.

The key to effective decentralization is, 'political decentralization should follow finance and functional decentralization'. Discuss in the context of impediments faced by local governance in India.

Highlight the salient differences between the Himalayan and the Peninsular drainage Systems.

How does India's Arctic Policy align with its broader foreign policy objectives? Broadly discuss the collaborations and agreements India is involved in with the Arctic Council.

Q.3) Private Member's Bills (PMBs) seldom become law in India, yet they are an important aspect of parliamentary democracy. Bring out their significance and suggest steps to strengthen the PMB process.

Q.13 "The judiciary has functioned as an institutional corrective, redefining and refining the contours of the Governor's office to prevent its misuse and uphold constitutional principles." Discuss this statement with the help of relevant case laws.

Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) are pivotal to inclusive and efficient urban governance, yet they remain fiscally constrained and institutionally weak. Analyze.

Even as India experiences consistent economic growth and has achieved self-sufficiency in food production, hunger and food insecurity remain pressing concerns. Examine the factors responsible for this paradox and suggest steps to improve the situation.

The Union Government has recently announced that caste enumeration will be part of the upcoming census. Examine the opportunities and challenges associated with conducting a nationwide 'caste census'. Also, propose a framework for its seamless and effective conduct.

Providing a brief overview of the aims and objectives of BIMSTEC, explain its significance for India.

"In contemporary times, social media platforms have emerged as powerful agents in shaping individual and societal attitudes." Do you agree with this view? Justify your answer.

Q.10) Globalization has redefined the idea of community and kinship in Indian society. Do you agree? Justify your answer.

Q.12 Trace the events that led to the Civil Disobedience Movement. What were its outcomes?

The interlinking of rivers offers several benefits, but also raises significant socio-economic and environmental concerns. Analyze.

b) "The difference between what we do and what we are capable of doing would suffice to solve most of the world's problems." - Mahatma Gandhi

Delimitation of seats is essential to ensure fair representation and uphold the principles of one vote, one value. Highlighting the challenges posed by misrepresentation in constituencies analyse the ramifications of population-based delimitation in creating federal tension.

Q.3) The arrival of Lord William Bentinck marked a period of transformation in the British Indian State. Discuss.

Q.1) To what extent, in your opinion, have the ideals of the Preamble been realised in the country's 75-year constitutional journey?

Q.4 Explain how the American War of Independence deprived Great Britain of one empire, but it strengthened the foundations of another.

Q.9) What do you understand by the term 'urbanisation of poverty'? Also, explain how urban poverty differs from rural poverty in India?

Q.2) What is delimitation, and why is it important? What challenges are associated with the delimitation exercise in India?

Q.1) Examine the scope and significance of the Supreme Court's advisory jurisdiction under Article 143 of the Constitution.

Outline the salient features of New Education Policy (NEP) 2020 related to school education. What does it state about the medium of instruction in schools?

In light of recent developments, the Collegium system and the Supreme Court's decision to strike down the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) Act, 2014 have once again come under scrutiny. Do you think that a NJAC-like body can make judicial appointments more transparent, broad-based, and accountable? Justify your answer.

Despite the implementation of numerous policies and schemes aimed at combating hunger and malnutrition in the country, their effectiveness remains limited. Analyse.

While rankings aim to benchmark the performance of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), concerns remain about whether current ranking frameworks reflect the broader goals of education. Suggest measures to make the ranking system more objective, inclusive, and aligned with educational and societal outcomes.

Q.1 "India's democratic roots are deeply embedded in its ancient civilizational ethos." Discuss in the context of India being referred to as the 'Mother of Democracy'.

Trace the events that led to the Civil Disobedience Movement. What were its outcomes?

Q.1) "Extraordinary powers must be exercised with extraordinary care." Discuss in the context of Article 142 of the Indian Constitution.

Q.18 "AI integration in governance is no longer a choice but a necessity." In light of this statement, discuss how AI can enhance education and healthcare governance.

Q.4) Highlight the key points of convergence and divergence between the judicial systems of India and USA.

Q.11 The basic structure doctrine acts as a constitutional compass in balancing Parliament's legislative authority and constitutional supremacy. Comment.

Examine the scope and significance of the Supreme Court's advisory jurisdiction under Article 143 of the Constitution.

The current composition of the UNSC, with under-representation and un-representation of key regions is detrimental to its legitimacy and effectiveness, underscoring the urgent need for reforms. Elaborate. Also, present a case for India's permanent membership in the UNSC.

Q.7 'Emerging environmental concerns and evolving ecosystem perspectives demand a reimagined approach to rural water governance.' Discuss the key interventions needed to recalibrate rural water policies with special emphasis on the role of communities.

What are the key determinants of malnutrition among under-five children in the country? Also, elaborate on the role of nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions in addressing this issue.

The question of gender equality is central to the debate on Uniform Civil Code. In this light what are the challenges in reconciling UCC with gender equality as enshrined in the constitution?

Q.3 "Electoral bonds are a double-edged sword, providing anonymity to donors while raising concerns about transparency in political funding." To what extent have electoral bonds further legitimized opacity in electoral funding?

Recently demand has been rising in a state regarding the enactment of Social Accountability Law. How such a law can lead to good governance and boost citizens' participation in decision-making. Comment.

"Berlin can be India's gateway to the European Union." Elaborate with respect to Germany's significance in India's relationship with the EU.

Multi-stakeholder partnerships are the key to leveraging collective expertise and networks. How can effective partnership and localized implementation efforts be fostered to accelerate the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in India?

Explain how the American War of Independence deprived Great Britain of one empire, but it strengthened the foundations of another.

Urban heat islands (UHIs) have become a significant phenomenon in Indian cities, exacerbating the frequency and intensity of heat waves. Analyze the underlying factors contributing to this phenomenon and critically assess the existing mitigation strategies.

The principle of 'Separation of Powers' is a key feature of the American Constitution. In this context, compare how the Indian Constitution's functional separation of powers distinguishes itself from the US system. What are the advantages of a check and balance system over a rigid Separation of Powers?

Discuss the importance of cultivating a culture of life-long learning among Indian civil servants. How has Mission Karmyogi contributed to this objective? Illustrate with examples.

Examine the influence of human rights issues and democratic values on the diplomatic relationship between the U.S. and India. How have these concerns affected bilateral engagements and what can be done to mitigate tensions arising from these issues?

"With growing urbanization, peri-urban agriculture is emerging as a significant contributor to fresh farm produce needs". In this context, discuss the opportunities and challenges associated with promoting peri-urban agriculture in a sustainable manner.

Effective transboundary water management can act as a catalyst for regional peace and cooperation.' In light of this statement, bring out the opportunities and challenges for India in leveraging 'water diplomacy' in its neighbourhood.

Q.1) a) Rising influence of money power in Indian elections poses a serious challenge to transparency, fairness, and democratic accountability. How can ethical electoral funding be ensured to maintain the integrity of democracy?

Highlight the key points of convergence and divergence between the judicial systems of India and USA.

Q.8) Identify and discuss the challenges hindering effective implementation of gender-sensitive policies and schemes in the country.

Q.9) Effective transboundary water management can act as a catalyst for regional peace and cooperation. In light of this statement, bring out the opportunities and challenges for India in leveraging 'water diplomacy' in its neighbourhood.

The alienation of modern lifestyles from nature has contributed to the ongoing environmental crisis in India. Examine.

Q.16 Bring out the major features of the Indian monsoon and elaborate upon its causative factors.

Fortitude enables a civil servant to make difficult yet morally right decisions. Explain with reference to real-life examples.

"Starvation must not be used as a weapon of war." Yet, parties involved in conflicts often resort to the blockade of food and medical aid to civilians in conflict zones, deepening the humanitarian crisis. Powerful nations, despite their capacity to intervene, tend to prioritise strategic interests over humanitarian concerns. What ethical considerations should guide powerful nations in preventing such actions and ensuring unimpeded humanitarian access?

b) "In contemporary times, social media platforms have emerged as powerful agents in shaping individual and societal attitudes." Do you agree with this view? Justify your answer.

Q.8 "MGNREGA, the lynchpin of rural poverty alleviation, has become the victim of fiscal apathy." Critically analyze the statement in light of recent developments.

The Indian Constitution does not embody a strict separation of powers rather it introduces a system of checks and balances, with overlapping functions and interdependencies among the legislature, executive, and judiciary. Elaborate.

Q.11 "The Basic Structure Doctrine, lauded for safeguarding the core principles of the Constitution against majoritarian impulses, is also criticized for enabling judicial overreach and disturbing the balance of power as envisioned by the Constitution." Elaborate.

Q.16) Self-Help Groups (SHGs) can play a crucial role in alleviating rural poverty by providing women with access to microfinance, enabling them to start small businesses and improve their livelihoods. Examine.

In light of the recent demands to amend the Indus Waters Treaty, discuss the possible implications it could have on the water-sharing mechanism between India and Pakistan.

"India's democratic roots are deeply embedded in its ancient civilizational ethos." Discuss in the context of India being referred to as the 'Mother of Democracy'.

Bring out the major features of the Indian monsoon and elaborate upon its causative factors.

The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012 falls short of achieving its intended objectives. Comment.

Q.8) The alienation of modern lifestyles from nature has contributed to the ongoing environmental crisis in India. Examine.

'Starved of funds, shackled by geopolitics, WHO is facing a crisis of capacity and credibility'. Discuss the statement in the light of USA's withdrawal and its accusation of the health body of being 'biased towards China and mishandling the COVID-19 pandemic'.

Q.15 Critically examine the 'in-house procedure' adopted by the Apex Court to inquire into allegations of misconduct against judges of constitutional courts in India.

Q.18 While rankings aim to benchmark the performance of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), concerns remain about whether current ranking frameworks reflect the broader goals of education. Suggest measures to make the ranking system more objective, inclusive, and aligned with educational and societal outcomes.

How has asymmetric federalism helped India accommodate its diverse regional needs? Discuss with suitable examples.

Q.9 "A multipolar world order is not merely an option but a necessity". Elaborate. How can India leverage its position to strengthen multipolarity in the global arena?

Q.10 "ASEAN is the cornerstone of India's Act East Policy and its Indo-Pacific vision." Elucidate.

Q.10 "The ongoing internal crisis in Myanmar is impeding India's Act East Policy." In light of the statement, discuss the measures taken by India to deal with the crisis and associated challenges.

The cooperative nature of Indian federalism is being increasingly challenged by emerging differences in Centre-State relations. Discuss. What steps can be taken to strengthen the cooperative spirit of Indian federalism?

Q.12) Enumerate the salient features of Representation of People's Act, 1951. In your opinion, what amendments are needed in the Act to further the cause of free and fair elections in light of contemporary challenges.

Q.15 The Constitution of India provides several rights that empower the individual, yet it balances these freedoms with reasonable restrictions in the larger public interest. Discuss how constitutional restrictions on fundamental rights strike a fine balance between individual interests and societal interests. Also, mention the principles that are considered in evaluating the reasonableness of restrictions with reference case laws.

'The post of Deputy Speaker goes beyond ceremonial significance and is indispensable to Indian parliamentary democracy.' Discuss with relevant constitutional provisions and conventions. Also, examine the implications of the prolonged vacancy of the Deputy Speaker's post.

Q.7) Describe the nature and mode of origin of the main types of rock at the earth's crust.

Q.13 Mahatma Jyotirao Phule's reformist ideas played a significant role in shaping the social foundations of the Indian freedom movement. Elaborate.

Q.11) Briefly explain the procedure laid down in the Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951 for the registration of political parties with the Election Commission of India (ECI). What are Registered Unrecognised Political Parties (RUPPs)? What concerns are associated with them? Does the ECI have powers to de-register a political party?

Q.17 What are the geographical factors responsible for the growth of mangrove vegetation in India? Also highlight its role in coastal ecology.

Q.18 To what extent can the rise of 'Kidfluencers' be seen as a reflection of changing family structures and parental aspirations in Indian society?

Q.19 Providing a brief overview of the aims and objectives of BIMSTEC, explain its significance for India.

Q.5 The role of State Finance Commissions in building regional equity and strengthening the federal link has largely been underutilized. Discuss.

Throw light on the legal frameworks that are in place to ensure women's safety in India. What further steps are needed to enhance their safety and well-being?

"A multipolar world order is not merely an option but a necessity". Elaborate. How can India leverage its position to strengthen multipolarity in the global arena?

Q.6) Highlight the salient differences between the Himalayan and the Peninsular drainage Systems.

Examine the role of the Inter-state Council in promoting vertical (Centre-State) and horizontal (Inter-State) Intergovernmental cooperation and coordination.

Q.4) Explain how the terms 'socialist' and 'secular' in the Preamble embody specific meanings in the Indian context.

Q.16 "Universal Basic Income (UBI) is a viable solution to eradicate extreme poverty in India." Critically discuss the statement.

Constitution is a mere skeleton whereas constitutionalism is the soul of democracy. Discuss.

Q.5 The Governor's office is neither decorative nor inconsequential, it assumes a constitutional role of profound essence. To what extent does the Governor, actively contribute to the governance of a state and reinforce the principles of federalism in the country?

How has the Anti-Defection Law impacted the relationship between political parties and individual legislators in India? In light of the recent incidents also discuss the unintended consequences it has on the functioning of democracy in India.

Q.14 'S.R. Bommai v. Union of India signified a paradigm shift in the judicial interpretation of the union's authority to assume control of a state's administration.' In this context discuss the significance and impact of the judgement on cementing the federal structure.

Neo-liberal reforms and globalization have deeply transformed the institutions of the welfare state and set the ground for a new type of civil services. In this context examine the challenges faced in service delivery and suggest adequate reforms.

China views India as its "Asian Rival" with an innate ability to counter its hegemonistic goals in Asia. Despite these difficulties in India-China relations, there are also many areas of convergence. Discuss.

The realization of a successful Asian century is premised upon stable India-China relations. Comment.

Q.20 The latent potential of the India-EU strategic partnership is deterred due to a slew of factors. Elaborate.

'The Governor's office is neither decorative nor inconsequential, it assumes a constitutional role of profound essence' To what extent does the Governor, actively contribute to the governance of a state and reinforce the principles of federalism in the country?

Q12 Compare and contrast the features of ancient Indian universities like Nalanda and Takshashila with modern state-funded universities in India. What lessons can modern universities learn from ancient ones to improve their effectiveness? (15 marks)

Q20 Discuss how gender-based violence in India is a manifestation of patriarchal values. To what extent has modernisation in law served as an instrument of women's empowerment in this regard?

Q1. The rule of law and judicial review are interdependent, as one cannot truly exist without the other. In this context can judicial review be considered the most important aspect among those that constitute the basic structure of the Constitution?

How does the power and authority of Delhi's lieutenant governor compare to that of the governors of other states, particularly in terms of acting on the aid and advice of the council of ministers?

How do partnerships between Civil Society Organizations and Government Entities contribute to India's development goals?

To what extent does the level of internal democracy within political parties impact the functioning and legitimacy of the Indian party system? What reforms can address the challenges of inadequate intraparty democracy in India?

Q15 "The NHRC must not only be a watchdog but also a beacon of hope for the marginalized and oppressed." In this context discuss the role and mandate of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) in India. How does the current composition and functioning of the NHRC affect its independence and effectiveness?

Examine the key features of the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) 2023. Analyze its potential for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in India.

Discuss the necessity and potential issues surrounding the extension of the Border Security Force's (BSF) territorial jurisdiction in states adjacent to Pakistan and Bangladesh.

The Nobel Prize in Physics of 2023 was jointly awarded to Ekimov, Brus and Bawendi for the discovery of synthesis of quantum dots. In this context, discuss the applications of quantum dots.

What the causes of high levels of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and ozone pollution in India. How effective are the various steps taken by the government to mitigate particulate matter and ozone pollution?

The International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) Report 2023 highlights a growing menace of drug trafficking in South Asia, with India being a major hub. Analyze the various dimensions of this challenge with respect to India. Also suggest a multi-pronged approach to address it.

Q.1) Discuss the role of the 'Fourth Estate' in upholding democratic values and analyse the issues affecting press freedom in India.

Despite constitutional backing to the institutions of local governance, the idea of decentralisation has remained hostage to several structural bottlenecks. Elucidate.

Understanding the extent, source, and complexity of deprivations among the multidimensionally poor contributes to more informed policymaking. In this context, analyze the latest National Multidimensional Poverty Index Report by NITI Aayog.

The basic structure doctrine acts as a constitutional compass in balancing Parliament's legislative authority and constitutional supremacy. Comment.

What steps are required for the constitutionalization of a Commission? Do you think granting constitutional status to the Central Information Commission (CIC) would strengthen the RTI regime in India? Give reasons.

"AI integration in governance is no longer a choice but a necessity." In light of this statement, discuss how AI can enhance education and healthcare governance.

Q.20 India's approach to its relationship with China has evolved into what can be best described as 'competitive coexistence'. Discuss in light of recent developments. What should be the broad contours of India's future China policy?

"The difference between what we do and what we are capable of doing would suffice to solve most of the world's problems." - Mahatma Gandhi

What do you understand by the term 'urbanisation of poverty'? Also, explain how urban poverty differs from rural poverty in India?

Do you agree with the view that social media is a 'double edged sword'? Discuss in the context of its impact on Indian society.

Q.15 The key to effective decentralization is, 'political decentralization should follow finance and functional decentralization'. Discuss in the context of impediments faced by local governance in India.

Q.19 China views India as its "Asian Rival" with an innate ability to counter its hegemonistic goals in Asia. Despite these difficulties in India-China relations, there are also many areas of convergence. Discuss.

Rising influence of money power in Indian elections poses a serious challenge to transparency, fairness, and democratic accountability. How can ethical electoral funding be ensured to maintain the integrity of democracy?

Civil society organizations, play a pivotal role in fostering "collective private action for the public good". What challenges do they face in local resource mobilization (LRM) and corporate funding through corporate social responsibility (CSR)? Also, suggest measures.

The collective strength of BRICS nations allows for meaningful cooperation on myriad issues, however, the platform's ability to influence the trajectory of bilateral relationships remains limited. Do you agree? (Answer in 150 words)

Discuss the crucial role played by the National Commission of Women in shaping the discourse on gender-sensitive laws in India. To what extent the elevation of the National Commission for Women to a constitutional body would reinforce its authority?

Analyze the potential challenges and benefits involved in leveraging SHGs as platforms for skill development, entrepreneurship, and income generation among marginalized communities to effectively counter poverty.

The synergy of shared values and vibrant people-to-people connections between India and Australia creates a fertile ground for fostering long-lasting trade relations and strategic collaboration between the two nations. Analyse.

The evolution of property rights in India reflects an intricate relationship that exists between individual rights and public welfare. Discuss this statement with the help of relevant constitutional provisions and case laws.

Lack of a binding framework for pre-legislative consultations in India limits citizen engagement in the lawmaking. Propose measures to strengthen the role of public consultation in the legislative process.

Q.6 In what ways do industry and business associations contribute to socio-economic development in the country? Explain with suitable examples.

What is the significance of the Leader of Opposition in the Indian parliamentary system? How does the role of the opposition contribute to the checks and balances in a democracy?

To what extent can the PIL system be held responsible for shifting the focus of the higher Courts from "constitutional matters" to day-to-day matters? What role can the trial Courts play in reducing the overall burden on higher Courts?

India's higher education system needs significant reforms to align with global standards. How does the New Education Policy (NEP) 2020 aim to address these challenges, and what lessons can India learn from international practices to enhance its higher education system? Discuss.

The role of State Finance Commissions in building regional equity and strengthening the federal link has largely been underutilized. Discuss.

How far do you think has the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) been successful in protecting and promoting child rights in India?

Q.3) The Speaker's inclination to cater to party loyalties often undermines the dignity and impartiality of the office, eroding public trust in the legislative process. Analyze with the help of recent examples.

Without addressing the issues that hinder the full and effective participation of persons with disabilities in political and public life, the goal of achieving inclusiveness and their empowerment will remain unattainable. Analyze.

Parliamentary privileges are fundamental for lawmakers to discharge their duties without undue influence. However, ensuring the responsible exercise of these privileges is crucial for fostering public trust and ensuring the accountability of public institutions. Analyse.

Self-Help Groups (SHGs) can play a crucial role in alleviating rural poverty by providing women with access to microfinance, enabling them to start small businesses and improve their livelihoods. Examine

As the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) provides a judicial mechanism for the peaceful resolution of international disputes. In this context, throw light on the structure and mandate of ICJ. Also, highlight the challenges it faces in fulfilling its mandate.

Geopolitical shifts pose challenges to India-Russia relations, yet the relationship remains robust, driven by deep-rooted trust and a shared commitment to sustain a multifaceted strategic partnership. Analyse.

Q.12) Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) are pivotal to inclusive and efficient urban governance, yet they remain fiscally constrained and institutionally weak. Analyze.

Article 21 of the Indian Constitution broadly interprets the right to life and liberty. Elucidate with the help of relevant case laws.

Q.6) What do you understand by delimitation? Underlining the significance of delimitation exercise, throw light on the associated challenges.

The office of the Speaker is not only a referee, but also an active player in the politics of government formation and survival, leading to controversies and criticisms. In this context, examine the need to bring reforms in the office of the speaker.

'Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) is an independent body responsible only to the Parliament.' What are the provisions that ensure independence of CVC? Also, discuss the issues that limit its effectiveness in tackling corruption in the country's public administration.

Critically examine the functioning of National Human Rights Commission of India (NHRC) as an apex institution entrusted with the protection of human rights in the country.

The arrival of Lord William Bentinck marked a period of transformation in the British Indian State. Discuss.

Do you think the Uniform Civil Code contradicts the idea of religious pluralism and cultural differences in Indian society?

Q14 What are the various types of glacial landforms formed in the Indian Himalayas. How do these features impact local ecosystems and human activities?

What is the rationale behind the 'three-language formula' in India's education policy? Also highlight the challenges associated with its adoption and implementation across the country.

"Electoral bonds are a double-edged sword, providing anonymity to donors while raising concerns about transparency in political funding." To what extent have electoral bonds further legitimized opacity in electoral funding?

Identify and discuss the challenges hindering effective implementation of gender-sensitive policies and schemes in the country.

Q.14) How is the 'vertical' and 'horizontal' devolution of taxes to the states decided? Highlighting the concerns raised by some states regarding the devolution of taxes, suggest corrective measures.

Q.17 The Union Government has recently announced that caste enumeration will be part of the upcoming census. Examine the opportunities and challenges associated with conducting a nationwide 'caste census'. Also, propose a framework for its seamless and effective conduct. (15 marks, 250 words)

Q.5 Discuss the significance of the cooperative model of development in addressing the issues of rural growth.

Q.6) In order to pass the ultimate test of good governance, welfare state should be close to the people, responsive to their aspirations, and inclusive in its approach. Discuss with special reference to PM PVTG Development Mission.

"Interstate border disputes, if not promptly and impartially settled, can transform into persistent issues that impede development and generate friction". Highlighting the constitutional and legal framework to resolve interstate disputes, explain why Independent India has failed to resolve inter-state border disputes.

In the context of India, despite the presence of constitutional provisions, legal precedents, and international commitments that establish a robust foundation for a right to health, why has there been a lack of explicit legal recognition of this right? (Answer in 150 words) 10 Marks

What do you understand by Alternate Dispute Redressal (ADR) mechanisms? What are the reasons for their low adoption as the primary mode of dispute resolution in the country? Suggest measures for improvement.

Discuss the key function of the Public Accounts Committee (PAC). What steps should be taken to revamp the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) in order to enhance its effectiveness as a true guardian of public funds?

The first step to eradicating poverty is reliable poverty assessment for program design, implementation, and monitoring. In this context discuss the methodology and significance of NITI Aayog's National Multidimensional Poverty Index.

5. Highlight the key differences in the scope of Freedom of speech and expression as provided under Parliamentary privileges vis a vis Fundamental rights. Why is it necessary to maintain a balance between parliamentary privilege and fundamental rights?

Reforming the education infrastructure through digital interventions is a progressive step, but it has its limitations too. Comment.

How has the 69th Constitutional amendment led to Delhi's dual governance dilemma? Discuss its impact on cooperative federalism as envisaged in the Constitution.

Q.2 Constitution is a mere skeleton whereas constitutionalism is the soul of democracy. Discuss.

There is a need for convergence of 'nutrition-specific' and 'nutrition-sensitive' interventions to effectively tackle child undernutrition in India. Examine.

Q.8 Throw light on the legal frameworks that are in place to ensure women's safety in India. What further steps are needed to enhance their safety and well-being?

Q.20) "In a fluid geopolitical arena, engagement without formal endorsement is a pragmatic middle path." Do you agree? Explain in the context of India's current approach towards the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.

Maritime security challenges are complex, driven by both conventional and non-conventional threats. In this context, discuss the key maritime security challenges in India. Also, highlight the measures taken by the government in this regard.

"The agricultural subsidy regime in the country needs reforms to address the distortions it causes." Comment.

Explain the purpose of the Mangrove Alliance for Climate launched at the COP27 UN Climate Change Conference in Egypt in November 2022. Elaborate on the importance of mangroves in maintaining the coastal ecology of tropical nations.

Q.5) Rare earths are not just elements; they are foundational inputs that act like 'seeds of technology'. Elaborate.

Discuss the perceived successes and challenges of implementing inflation targeting under the new Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) regime.

Electricity Amendment Bill, 2022 brings several advantages for consumers, DISCOMs as well as the environment. Elaborate. Also, list out its shortcomings and suggest some measures to overcome them.

Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) plays an important role in the regulation of the share market and safeguarding the interests of investors. In the light of given statement, highlight the challenges faced by the SEBI and suggest reforms in this regard.

In the context of border security, how can cooperation and coordination between different security agencies be improved to ensure effective and efficient management of coastal and terrestrial borders?

What is Global Methane Pledge? Do you think the Global Methane Pledge is a positive step toward mitigating methane emissions? Explain India's stance on this issue.

Starlink, a satellite internet service provider, has recently been granted a license to operate in India. What is satellite internet? How does it work? What are its advantages and limitations?

Q.7) While oceans are considered among mankind's best allies in the fight against climate change, they are themselves heavily impacted by the same. Discuss.

What is oil pollution? What are its impacts on the marine ecosystem? In what way is oil pollution particularly harmful for a country like India?

India remains significantly dependent on imports to meet its pulses demand. Examine the key challenges in achieving self-reliance in pulses. Also, mention the major government initiatives taken in this regard.

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) regime in India remains weak and is often reduced to a procedural formality.' In light of this statement, examine the key challenges in EIA implementation and suggest reforms.

Q.14 "Women play a crucial role in Indian agriculture, yet continue to face systemic exclusion." Discuss with reference to land ownership, access to credit, and agri-extension services. What initiatives has the government taken in this regard?

Jal Jeevan Mission has the potential to end the regional disparity in the availability and accessibility of drinking water. Highlighting the significance of the mission, discuss the underlying impediments in achieving the desired objectives.

What are the key lessons for disaster management and environmental conservation in the Himalayan region, in light of the recent disaster in Joshimath, Uttarakhand?

Elaborate on the difference between Capital Account and Current Account as components of Balance of Payment (BOP). Suggest a few measures to balance the BOP deficit of India.

Q.6 Why retrofitting Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) in Indian thermal power plants is a more viable and effective option compared to the installation of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems?

Plastic pollution is emerging as a serious environmental threat in India. Discuss the various mitigation measures to address this problem and also the government's initiatives in this regard.

Outlining the key characteristics of the care economy, discuss how India can better integrate the value of unpaid and underpaid care work into its economic framework.

The recent rise in ransomware attacks targeting critical infrastructure and major corporations has highlighted the urgent need for stronger cybersecurity measures and policies. Discussing the key factors contributing to this trend, analyze the impact of these attacks on various sectors.

A demographic Dividend does not ensure growth; it only generates potential. Discuss the steps made by the government to take advantage of the opportunities presented by the demographic transition.

The Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC) not only enhances logistics efficiency but also represents a pivotal milestone in the country's infrastructure development and economic growth. In this context, describe the significance of the Dedicated Freight Corridor.

Q.6 Discuss in brief developments and challenges in the Gaganyaan mission of ISRO. What are the possible benefits of the mission for the society?

Q.10 The anonymity and ease of drone operation contribute to the challenges of India's border security. Elaborate and give suggestions to tackle the drone problem in border areas.

Q.17 Explain the purpose of the "Mangrove Alliance for Climate" launched at the COP27 UN Climate Change Conference in Egypt in November 2022. Elaborate on the importance of mangroves in maintaining the coastal ecology of tropical nations.

Explain the significance of the recent changes made to the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) with respect to labour market data estimation in the country.

Q.9 'Operation Sindoor' signals a strategic evolution in India's approach to cross-border terrorism. Analyze.

Q.18) The frequency and intensity of heatwaves, particularly in urban centres, have increased in recent years. Describe the various causes and effects of heatwaves. What policies and frameworks have been adopted in India towards extreme heat risk management?

Explain the key components of the National Policy and Action Plan (2015) that have contributed to the significant decline of Left-Wing Extremism (LWE). What additional steps would you suggest to eliminate LWE in the near future?

Q.10 In an era of complex security challenges, examine the ways in which the private sector can contribute to strengthening India's internal security.

Q.13 "Legalizing the Minimum Support Price (MSP) would create more challenges than it resolves." Comment.

Rare earths are not just elements; they are foundational inputs that act like 'seeds of technology'. Elaborate.

Q.18 'The United Nations has declared 2025 as the International Year of Glacier Preservation.' Bring out the ecological and socio-economic significance of glaciers. What are the key challenges in preserving them? What measures have been taken at national and international levels towards preservation of glaciers?

Q.16) Generative AI holds immense potential to transform various aspects of daily life, offering both benefits and challenges. Elaborate. What policy measures do you suggest to maximize its benefits and mitigate its risks?

Q.17 "Mangroves contribute significantly to the coastal economy and ecology, but they are threatened by numerous factors". Elaborate. Also, state the measures taken by the government for mangrove conservation and restoration.

What are the salient features of Mission Mausam launched by the Government of India? Why is such a mission needed? What are the likely challenges in its effective implementation?

Q.8) Highlight the key provisions of the Disaster Management (Amendment) Act, 2025. How would the amendment help strengthen the disaster management framework in the country?

Q.9) Amid evolving threats, there is a need to blend private sector capabilities with India's current internal security architecture. In this context, elaborate on the ways in which the private sector can contribute to strengthening internal security.

Q.11) Outlining the key characteristics of the care economy, discuss how India can better integrate the value of unpaid and underpaid care work into its economic framework.

Q.13 Despite being a major contributor to the Indian economy, the agriculture sector is plagued by several constraints that impede its growth and development. Discuss the role of technology in overcoming these constraints.

Q.15 How India benefitted strategically from the contributions of Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha and Dr. Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai in the fields of atomic energy and space technology respectively?

Q.18 The Formation of the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure brings more robustness to the Disaster Management approach in India. Comment and justify the need for a new strategy to tackle Disasters in India.

What are the unique features and capabilities of the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile, and how has it contributed to India's defence capabilities and strategic position in the region?

Disaster management is not just about responding to emergencies but also about building resilient communities. Discuss the key strategies that can be used to build community resilience and reduce the impact of disasters.

Q.3) DPI (Digital Public Infrastructure) is a critical enabler of digital transformation for both businesses and citizens; however, it comes with its own set of challenges. Examine.

Analyze the systemic and institutional constraints that continue to hinder land reform efforts in India and propose pragmatic solutions to ensure equitable distribution of land.

India's food security faces challenges from not just domestic factors but also global factors. Comment. Discuss some ways to strengthen India's food security.

13. 'Genome editing holds immense potential for crop improvement, but it also raises ethical and safety concerns'. How far do the new guidelines for the safety assessment of genome-edited plants in India, ensure the safety of genetically modified crops?

14. Discuss the impact of direct and indirect farm subsidies on the agriculture sector in India. How have Minimum Support Prices (MSP) affected the agricultural economy? (Answer in 250 words) 15 Marks

Amid evolving threats, there is a need to blend private sector capabilities with India's current internal security architecture. In this context, elaborate on the ways in which the private sector can contribute to strengthening internal security.

Q.16 The future of digital innovation depends on self-reliant, domain-specific AI capabilities. In this context, bring out the key considerations in developing indigenous AI models and tools. Suggest measures to build an enabling ecosystem for AI innovation in India. What initiatives have been taken by the government in this regard?

What do you understand by Windfall tax? Do you think that windfall taxes can effectively redistribute wealth and promote greater economic equality?

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of disaster management in public health. Discuss the key strategies and challenges for managing pandemics and other infectious disease outbreaks.

In light of the declining trend of violence in the North East and J&K region do you think that AFSPA has lived its utility? Comment.

Climate change is leading to significant alterations in ecosystems, resulting in cascading effects on biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human livelihoods, necessitating integrated approaches to conservation and climate adaptation. Analyse.

Q.1) While the Employment Linked Incentive (ELI) scheme and the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme are both designed to boost economic growth, they employ different approaches and focus on distinct outcomes. Elaborate.

Define precision agriculture. How can it help in optimizing crop production and resource management?

Explain the working principle of the pumped storage hydropower system. What are the key advantages it offers compared to other power storage technologies?

While Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) can resolve the issues of small farmers and boost agrarian economy, the realization of their potential is hindered by a multitude of factors. Analyze.

What is gene therapy? What makes it a better treatment option than the conventional approaches?

Q.19 How does India's geographical location heighten its vulnerability to drug trafficking? Also, analyze various internal security risks linked to drug trafficking.

"Genome-edited crops have the potential to strengthen food and nutritional security in the country." Examine.

Q.15 Launched on 25th June 2025, the Axiom-4 (Ax-04) mission has been much in the news since then. What are the key features of the mission? What significance does it hold for the Gaganyaan project and India's long-term space ambitions?

What is a 'Census'? Discuss the importance of Census for the economy and policy making.

Q.3) Discuss various measures taken by the Government to strengthen the Cooperative movement and ensure "Sahakar Se Samriddhi".

What is a 'Black box'? Explain its significance in flight safety and airplane crash investigations.

How the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) can help India in its socio-economic development? Identify the hurdles in its large-scale adoption and suggest corrective measures.

Recently, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) announced a transfer of surplus to the Union Government for the financial year 2024-25. What does 'surplus' mean in this context? How does the RBI generate it, and what is its significance for the country's fiscal policy?

Examine the role of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model in the development of ports in India.

Q.1) Achieving inclusive growth requires a multidimensional approach that goes beyond economic growth. Discuss in context of India.

Q.3) What is precision agriculture? How can precision agriculture help in optimizing crop production and resource management?

Q.7) What are the challenges in the safe management of e-waste in India? How can collaboration among multiple stakeholders help in sustainable e-waste management?

Explain the significance of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) in transforming India into a knowledge-based and innovation-driven economy. Also, mention various government initiatives aimed at strengthening the protection and enforcement of IPRs in India.

Q.11 The introduction of Goods and Services Tax (GST) was hailed as a transformative fiscal reform; however, the journey of GST has been a mixed bag of successes and challenges. Analyse.

Q.14) Agricultural marketing reforms are imperative for addressing market inefficiencies and boosting farm incomes. Analyse.

Explain the causes and impacts of landslides. Also, discuss the various measures to mitigate their impact, with a special emphasis on National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) guidelines.

Q.17 Describe the major outcomes of the 28th session of the Conference of Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What were the major engagements of India in this conference?

While oceans are considered among mankind's best allies in the fight against climate change, they are themselves heavily impacted by the same. Discuss.

Q.9 The convergence of organized crime and terrorism presents a formidable challenge to the country's internal security. Analyse.

Q.2) Discuss the implications of the rising trend of protectionism and tariff wars in global trade for India's macroeconomic stability.

Q.10 'Radicalisation in Jammu and Kashmir is driven as much by socio-economic factors as by external influences.' Discuss how education and youth engagement can play a role in countering radicalisation in J&K.

Why retrofitting Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) in Indian thermal power plants is a more viable and effective option compared to the installation of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems?

Q.5) What is a 'Black box'? Explain its significance in flight safety and airplane crash investigations.

Generative AI holds the potential to push the boundaries of innovation in the near future, yet its societal impact raises substantial challenges. Elaborate.

Q.2) Why does India need to transition from a 'build to print' to a 'build to design' model in manufacturing? What steps has been taken by the government in this regard?

The logistics sector is one of the important components of the growth of the manufacturing industry. Discuss. Also, mention various components of the recently announced National Logistics Policy 2022.

What do you understand by Disruptive innovations? What are some examples of disruptive innovation in recent times, and how have they changed the way industries operate?

3. What is India's stand on the New Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies under WTO? How is the Fisheries sector significant for India? Enumerate the steps taken by the Government to develop this sector.

10. In light of the declining trend of violence in the North East and J&K region do you think that AFSPA has lived its utility? Comment.

Q.11) How has inadequate progress on factor market reforms impacted India's double-digit growth aspirations? What measures has the government taken in this regard?

Q.17 Climate change is causing profound alterations in ecosystems, triggering cascading impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human livelihoods which demands integrated approaches to conservation and climate adaptation. Analyse.

What do you understand by 'Reverse Brain Drain'? Identify the key drivers of the rising trend of this phenomenon in the country.

Q.6) What is a Geographical Indication (GI)? What are the legal frameworks governing it? How does it differ from a trademark? How can GI infringement be tackled?

Launched on 25th June 2025, the Axiom-4 (Ax-04) mission has been much in the news since then. What are the key features of the mission? What significance does it hold for the Gaganyaan project and India's long-term space ambitions?

The resource curse of Eastern and Central India has been a crucial driver of LWE. Elaborate and suggest measures for sustainable and inclusive development of the region.

Q.4) a) "With great power comes great responsibility." In the present context, 'Big Tech' headquartered in developed countries wield disproportionate influence over digital infrastructure, personal data, and global narratives—often prioritising profit over ethical considerations. What ethical principles should guide such corporations in building a fair, inclusive, and just global digital framework?

Q.3) Given below are the three quotations of great thinkers. What do each of these quotations convey to you in the present context? a) "This life is short, the vanities of the world are transient, but they alone live who live for others, the rest are more dead than alive." - Swami Vivekanand

Q.5) a) What teachings of Mahavira are most relevant today and why? Discuss.

b) What do you understand by the term 'crisis of conscience'? Describe an incident from your life where you experienced such a crisis. How did you deal with it?

b) "If you cry because the sun has gone out of your life, your tears will prevent you from seeing the stars." - Rabindranath Tagore

b) What are the key objectives of the Right to Information Act, 2005? Examine the ethical concerns associated with certain provisions of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act in realizing the objectives of the RTI Act.

2. (b) While civil servants have the legal right to undertake post-retirement jobs, it raises key ethical issues. Comment.

b) "In post-conflict rehabilitation, the pursuit of justice must be balanced with the need for reconciliation." Examine this statement in the context of addressing ethnic violence.

Q.1) a) 'Unconscious biases in parenting continue to shape gendered experiences in India.' Do you agree with this view? Discuss.

5. (b) Explaining the concept of political neutrality, discuss its significance in administration. Also, highlight how the Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules seek to ensure political neutrality in the civil services.

3. (b) Having knowledge of an unethical act and allowing it to continue can spread a contagion that can affect multiple beings in society. Bertrand Russell

4. (a) When people use a common resource without a coordinated plan the result is often a tragedy of the commons in which the resource is depleted. In this context, discuss the various ethical challenges arising out of utilization of Global Commons.

3. Given below are quotations of moral thinkers/philosophers. Bring out what they mean to you in the present context: (a) Try not to become a man of success but rather try to become a man of value. Albert Einstein

7. Increasing participation of people in governance and easy access to information is what transforms governance to good governance. Elaborate.

"If you cry because the sun has gone out of your life, your tears will prevent you from seeing the stars." - Rabindranath Tagore

5. (a) In the context of civil service, distinguish between moral and nonmoral values. Identify 5 basic moral values that can serve as foundational values for all services irrespective of the department. Give reasons why those values can be considered foundational.

c) "Love and compassion are necessities, not luxuries. Without them, humanity cannot survive." - Dalai Lama

b) Explain the key dimensions of ethics that influence human behaviour. How do these dimensions shape ethical decision-making in private life?

b) What are the main components of emotional intelligence and how does it help an individual in taking ethical decisions?

b) "The greatest glory in living lies not in never failing, but in rising every time we fail." - Nelson Mandela

Q.3) Given below are three quotations of great thinkers. What do each of these quotations convey to you in the present context? a) "Where do the evils like corruption arise from? It comes from the never-ending greed. The fight for corruption-free ethical society will have to be fought against this greed and replace it with 'what can I give' spirit." - A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

1. (a) Open Government Data (OGD) can be seen as a step towards greater transparency and accountability in India. In this context, discuss the benefits of OGD and the challenges which lie therein.

2. (b) Highlighting the importance of whistle-blowing in an organisation, discuss the systemic factors that determine whether a person would become a whistle-blower.

3. (a) Transparent governance promises an accountable state but a balance has to be achieved between disclosure requirements and administrative privileges for efficient governance. Discuss.

3. (b) Sustainable growth of an organisation can result only by aligning its decisions to the interests of all stakeholders, not merely its shareholders. Do you agree? Justify with logical arguments.

4. (b) There is a view that the institutional mechanisms to ensure accountability of civil servants have weakened over time. In this context, discuss the need of a social accountability law in India.

1. (a) Do laws need to be consistent with the prevalent moral norms? Discuss with examples.

1. (a) Man is not only a product of his environment but can also modify the environment. Do you agree with this view? Justify your answer with suitable examples.

4. (b) While a code of conduct merely establishes minimal standards of conduct, a better strategy to promote ethical work culture is through internalization of values. Discuss.

1. (b) Though it may seem that accountability and efficiency are antithetical to each other, accountability is a sine qua non for good governance. Discuss.

5. (b) India cannot march successfully in to the 21st century with the administrative system having a colonial mindset. Discuss in context of the bureaucratic work culture in India.

It is sometimes believed that moral scrupulousness in one's private life automatically guarantees high moral stature in professional life. Do you agree? Justify your stand with logical arguments.

Recent research has shown that emotions significantly impact personal and professional lives. What are the primary emotions that negatively and positively impact workplace productivity? Explain with relevant examples.

3. (b) Goodness is the result of internal imperatives to do what is right, not sanctions from moral rules or rewards from expected consequences. Do you agree? Discuss.

(a) What are the ethical and business issues involved in the case? (b) What are the options available to Mr. Sharma and the CEO? (c) Do you think the organizational culture of giving freedom to the sales force led to the issue or was the individual's corrupt nature that led to the problem? Discuss. (d) What ethics mechanisms and steps can the company create and implement to prevent unethical behavior, as mentioned in the case? (Answer in 250 words) 20 marks

Explain the key dimensions of ethics that influence human behaviour. How do these dimensions shape ethical decision-making in private life?

(b) What do you understand by the terms ethical behavior and emotionally intelligent behavior? Identify the relevant emotional intelligence components that act as a reliable guide to ethical behavior.

Q.5) What does each of the following quotation mean to you? a) A man can give up a right, but he may not give up a duty without being guilty of a grave dereliction.

b) Justice without force is futile, force without justice is tyrannical.

Q.6) a) Ethics in international relations is a myth, only national interest determines the foreign policy. How far do you agree with this statement? Discuss with suitable illustrations.

Knowledge and skills are important, but they must be grounded in ethical principles for true success. In this context, discuss the importance of ethics in education and the role of educational institutions in imparting ethical values.

b) While scientific research drives technological progress and societal development, its funding often raises ethical questions. What ethical concerns arise from corporate sponsorship of scientific research, and how can these be addressed?

c) "Your goodness is an impediment in your way, so let your eyes be red with anger, and try to fight the injustice with a firm hand." - Sardar Patel

Q.2) a) How does persuasion help achieve a desired change in attitude? What are the elements of an effective persuasive approach?

Q.5) a) In the ever-evolving landscape of academic institutions, administrators must not only manage academic issues but also emotional and interpersonal dynamics. In this context, discuss the significance of emotionally intelligent administrators in higher education.

1. (a) "The State took taxes from the people only to ensure their prosperity in return like the sun takes moisture from the earth only to give it back in thousandfold measure." Kalidasa. Explain the Indian concept of "giving it back" and its relevance as a guiding value for civil servants. (Answer in 150 words) 10 Marks

(c) and (d) (c) If not faith leaders, what are your other options for breaking the behavioral barriers? (d) Do you think it is ethically right for a civil servant to involve faith leaders in promoting government schemes? (Answer in 250 words) 20 Marks

3. (a) "Man cannot do right in one department of life whilst he is occupied in doing wrong in any other department." Gandhi. Do you think an individual's personal ethics impacts professional life or they both can be compartmentalized? Explain your position with relevant examples.

(a) What are the issues involved in the above case? (b) Do you agree with the Ambassador's position of prioritizing economics over helping the diaspora? Why/why not? (c) Among Care, Consequentialism, and Duty, what do you think is the appropriate perspective to guide Indian Foreign policy? Justify. a) What are the issues involved in the above case? b) Do you agree with the Ambassador's position of prioritizing economics over helping the diaspora? Why/why not? c) Among Care, Consequentialism, and Duty, what do you think is the appropriate perspective to guide Indian Foreign policy? Justify.

b) Differentiate between the following: i. Gratitude and Gratification ii. Moral myopia vs Moral muteness

2. (a) Enumerate the decisive factors behind moral attitude. Also, discuss any incident from your life wherein you brought about a change in someone's attitude around an important social issue.

5. (a) Explain the ethical issues involved in spending government funds for advertisement campaigns and publicity.

4. (b) The core of high Emotional Intelligence is self-awareness. If you don't understand your own motivations and behaviours, it is nearly impossible to develop an understanding of others. Discuss with the help of appropriate examples.

2. (b) It is the 'spirit of service' that motivates a public servant to serve the country's interests and address people's issues. Discuss.

3. (a) Ethics does its work in the world by granting and withdrawing legitimacy. Discuss in the context of role of ethics in international relations.

6. (b) Let us sacrifice our today so that our children can have a better tomorrow. - A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

5. (a) A state that does not have the political will and the discipline to enforce probity in governance, can not get rid of the menace of prolonged corruption. Discuss.

3. (b) In law a man is guilty when he violates the rights of others. In ethics he is guilty if he only thinks of doing so. Immanuel Kant

Given below are the three quotations of great thinkers. What do each of these quotations convey to you in the present context? a) "This life is short, the vanities of the world are transient, but they alone live who live for others, the rest are more dead than alive." - Swami Vivekananda

What are the key objectives of the Right to Information Act, 2005? Examine the ethical concerns associated with certain provisions of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act in realizing the objectives of the RTI Act.

b) "The world is sustained by those who refrain from hurting others, even when they have the power to do so."

6. (a) Social transformation programs such as "beti bachao and beti padhao" believes in using advice, counseling, and persuasion but sometimes a little force is also necessary for getting the desired response. Do you think it is a good idea to mix little force with persuasion by public administrators while implementing social schemes of transformation? Explain with relevant examples.

"Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter." Martin Luther King Jr.

Q.3) Given below are the three quotations of great thinkers. What do each of these quotations convey to you in the present context? a) "When learning is purposeful, creativity blossoms. When creativity blossoms, thinking emanates. When thinking emanates, knowledge is fully lit. When knowledge is lit, the economy flourishes." - Abdul Kalam.

b) "Starvation must not be used as a weapon of war." Yet, parties involved in conflicts often resort to the blockade of food and medical aid to civilians in conflict zones, deepening the humanitarian crisis. Powerful nations, despite their capacity to intervene, tend to prioritise strategic interests over humanitarian concerns. What ethical considerations should guide powerful nations in preventing such actions and ensuring unimpeded humanitarian access?

4. Explain the meaning of the following quotations and discuss their contemporary relevance. (a) The senses deceive from time to time, and it is prudent never to trust wholly those who have deceived us even once.

Developing a Scientific temper, innovative mindset, and civic-conscious citizens are major objectives of higher educational institutions. Can higher educational institutions be instrumental in promoting integrity education among youth to establish a public culture of integrity and a corruption-free political culture? If yes, how?

"While competence without compassion can be brutal and inhumane; similarly, compassion without competence can be meaningless for persons seeking help." Explain the above with the help of a suitable illustration in the context of public services.

(a) What are the ethical issues and dilemmas involved in the above case? (b) What are the options available to you? (c) Select your chosen course of action after analyzing the options. (d) What must be your moral motivation in the above case? Should it be duty, care, or consequences? (Answer in 250 words) 20 Marks

Q.4) a) Although attitude and behaviour are interrelated, the former is a predisposition while the latter is an option. Discuss the structure of attitude and explain the relationship between attitude and behaviour.

c) Education is the kindling of a flame, not the filling of a vessel. What do you understand by this statement? In your opinion, which five values should Indian education system inculcate in every student? Justify your choice.

2. (a) The Citizens' Charters initiative was a response to the quest for solving the problems, which a citizen encountered, day in and day out, while dealing with the organisations providing public services. But the introduction and implementation of Citizens' Charters in the government of India has been difficult due to the old bureaucratic set up and the rigid attitudes of the work force. Discuss the major obstacles that have been encountered in implementing the Citizens' Charter initiative.

4. (b) As organizations across the globe begin their artificial intelligence (AI) transformation, the leap into the AI era is expected to be more challenging than any technology that businesses have grappled with yet. In this background, discuss the concerns around fairness, transparency, and job security that may arise.

Traditional forms of state-led accountability, also characterised as vertical and horizontal channels of accountability, are increasingly found to be inadequate, and a myriad of multi-stakeholder and bottom-up citizen directed approaches have come to the fore, to supplement or supplant them. Discuss with illustrations.

6. (a) Emotional intelligence may not be singularly associated with emotions or intelligence. It can also include a broad range of personality characteristics that might predict success in professional and everyday life. Discuss.

In the given situation: (a) What dilemmas does Rina face? (b) What options does she have? Provide the merits and demerits of each. (c) Highlight the course of action she should adopt, along with justification for the same.

Given this situation, answer the following: (a) What are the ethical issues in the above situation? (b) What are the various options that you have, as a father and an ambitious politician? (c) What will be your course of action? Justify with proper reasoning. (Answer in 250 words)

Public spaces serve as arenas of democratic participation and civic expression. Yet in India, they remain deeply gendered, with many women largely confined to the private and domestic sphere. Examine the factors that restrict women's access to public spaces. How can ethical governance help address the issue of gendered spatial control and promote inclusivity in public spaces?

Q.1) a) The increasing use of digital surveillance technologies for maintaining law and order is a debatable issue. Critically examine the statement from the ethical point of view.

What are the main components of emotional intelligence and how does it help an individual in taking ethical decisions?

Q.3) a) An active civil service is necessary but not sufficient; India also requires civil service activism for fulfilling the vision of 'justice, liberty and equality for all'. Analyze the statement citing relevant examples.

Q.5) a) Besides objectivity, civil servants also need empathy and compassion to effectively resolve various ethical dilemmas they face while discharging their responsibilities. Discuss with suitable examples.

Q.6) a) "Probity in governance is an essential and vital requirement for an efficient and effective system of governance and for socio-economic development." Discuss the statement with examples.

How can responsible and informed social media use be nurtured among children to make the internet a safer space for them?

(b) Civil Services ethics has everything to do with management. It is as much a Departmental as a personal issue. Leaders who fail to create systems that facilitate ethical conduct are equally to blame as much as those who indulge in ethical misconduct. Do you think the Departmental culture leads to ethical misconduct or is the individual with weak willpower culpable? Discuss.

(d) What do you understand by dignity? Distinguish between human and social dignity? Identify the common dignity violations that one notices in government departments.

(a) What are the issues involved in the above case? (b) What do you think Rashmi should do? Would it be a good idea for Rashmi to involve local administration? Suggest an implementable course of action. (c) Do you think companies should also accept responsibility for the social problems of the region where they operate? Why/why not? (d) What could be the reasons for such an aggressive reaction from the workers union? How do you think Rashmi should handle the workers union?

2 (b) Identify any four components of emotional intelligence relevant to public services. Explain their role in administrative decision-making.

2. (a) What do you understand by the terms 'ethics' and 'integrity'? Do you think they are interrelated? Explain with examples the relationship between ethics and integrity in the context of public administration.

b) Knowledge and skills are important, but they must be grounded in ethical principles for true success. In this context, discuss the importance of ethics in education and the role of educational institutions in imparting ethical values.

Q.1) a) What is your understanding of corruption? In your opinion, does corruption grease or sand the wheels of growth? Justify your answer.

b) While one group considers abortion as unmitigated evil, the other sees it as morally acceptable. Analyse various ethical concerns related to abortion and give your opinion on the issue.

Q.1) a) Ethical governance is the foundation of a welfare state. Identify essential ethical traits of a welfare state. Discuss ways and means to promote ethics in governance.

4. (a) Emotional Intelligence is an essential ingredient for successful implementation of pandemic induced emergency response. Comment in the light of COVID-19 pandemic.

4. (b) Discretionary power by itself is not pure evil but gives much room for misuse. Discuss in the context of administration in India.

1. (b) Do you think nation states owe a responsibility towards asylum seekers? What are the considerations that should, in your opinion, go into the making of a refugee policy? Provide arguments with contemporary examples.

3. (b) Analyse the ethical dimensions of using nuclear deterrence as a self-defense strategy.

1. (b) Bring out the significance of probity in public life. What are the requisites for ensuring probity in governance? Pointing out the key concerns in India in this context, suggest certain remedial measures.

4. (a) "Nonviolence is not servile passivity but a powerful moral force which makes for social transformation". Comment.

3. (a) The bureaucracy technically has been an efficient form of organisation but is seen to have exceeded its administrative powers due to its tendency towards self aggrandisement, permanence in employment, and nearness to the political executive. Discuss.

10. While on the one hand, some state governments have implemented alcohol consumption prohibition laws, it is permitted in other states. Debates around this issue often involves aspects such as individual rights, cultural attitudes and social welfare. As a teacher you need to explain the key issues involved to a young audience. What are these? How would you conclude the lecture?

2. (a) With rapidly increasing use of information technology, what according to you is the role of ethics in cyber space?

Discuss how effective corporate governance can ensure the equitable treatment of all stakeholders.

4. (a) Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri's life exemplifies value-driven public service of the highest order. What are the values one can learn from his life to be a good citizen and a good administrator?

6. (c) I measure the progress of a community by the degree of progress which women have achieved. – B.R. Ambedkar

2. (a) Ethical business practices are key for long-term survival of a company. Comment.

2. (b) Law succeeds in encouraging ethical behaviour in a society only when it is backed by conscience of its individuals. Discuss.

3. Given below are quotations of moral thinkers/philosophers. Bring out what they mean to you in the present context: (a) Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter. Martin Luther King Jr.

5. (a) According to Buddhism, for a man to be perfect there are two qualities that he should develop equally: compassion (karuna) on one side, and wisdom (panna) on the other. Analyse.

8. What is red-tapism? Why is it considered a hurdle in the process of transitioning towards citizen centric governance?

Which corporate leader has inspired you the most and what moral lessons have you learnt from their life?

"Two ways of building character - cultivating strength to challenge oppression, and tolerate the resultant hardships that give rise to courage and awareness." - Sardar Patel

1. (a) Public service requires not merely legal but also morally principled action. Public service requires the public servant to place loyalty to the constitution, laws, and ethical principles. Among the three, which do you think must acquire primacy while carrying out official functions? Why? Discuss.

Technical efficiency ensures resource utilization and social efficiency ensures fulfillment of social needs, what does ethical efficiency ensure? Do you think ethical efficiency is more important than technical and social efficiency? Why/Why not?

Citizens' involvement in decision-making is critical to ethics in governance. Do you agree that effective civic engagement mechanisms can facilitate an ethics-driven administration? What do you think are the mechanisms that citizens can use for ensuring ethics in governance?

(b) Do you think corporate businesses such as GAMA must consider international ethics while pursuing business interests? Why/why not? (c) Do you think a corporate's social responsibility extends beyond one's immediate community to the international community? Why/Why not? (d) Do you think the Defence sector companies marketing sensitive technologies must be regulated by their respective governments, or regulation may curtail their entrepreneurial and innovation energy? Discuss.

2. (b) The moral fiber and ethical conduct of public officials not only influence the standard of governance but also their own interests and performance. Elaborate.

4. (a) Throwing light on the idea of Universal Humanism propounded by Rabindranath Tagore, discuss its contemporary relevance. (Answer in 150 words)

The current society is witnessing rising levels of intolerance. What are the consequences of this situation for personal well-being and for societal well-being? What can one do at the personal level to become tolerant?

Q.2 A. While traditional ethics has focussed on notions of justice, fair allocation and obligations, ethics of care emphasise maintaining connectedness and promoting care. Which of the above two ethical perspectives is more suitable for guiding ethical decision making in the context of public services. Explain your position with suitable examples. (150 words, 10 marks) B. What does the term "quality" mean in service delivery. What are the components of service quality and indicate ways and means for ensuring total quality in terms of efficiency, economy and effectiveness? (150 words, 10 marks)

Q.6 Given below are three quotations of philosophers. What do each of the quotations convey to you in the present context? A "To feel for others, and little for ourselves; to restrain our selfish, and exercise our benevolent affections, constitutes the perfection of human nature." Adam Smith (150 words, 10 marks) B "Virtue lies in our power, and so does vice; because where it is in our power to act, it is also in our power not to act." Aristotle (150 words, 10 marks) C "I know that I am intelligent, because I know that I know nothing." Socrates (150 words, 10 marks)

b) Uniform Civil Code (UCC) aims to create a common set of laws governing personal matters, such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, and adoption, irrespective of individuals' religious affiliations. In the context of the ongoing discourse on UCC in India, examine the challenges that arise when attempting to reconcile legal principles with diverse moral considerations. To what extent should the law be influenced by moral/religious principles?

Q.3) a) Right to Information Act, 2005, aims to make the governance process transparent and accountable, however, the sunshine legislation is beset with several challenges. Analyse.

Q.6) What does each of the following quotation mean to you? a) "Honesty is the first chapter in the book of wisdom" - Thomas Jefferson

b) "When I do good, I feel good; when I do bad, I feel bad, and that is my religion" - Abraham Lincoln.

b) Fortitude enables a civil servant to make difficult yet morally right decisions. Explain with reference to real-life examples.

Q.6) a) Public spaces serve as arenas of democratic participation and civic expression. Yet in India, they remain deeply gendered, with many women largely confined to the private and domestic sphere. Examine the factors that restrict women's access to public spaces. How can ethical governance help address the issue of gendered spatial control and promote inclusivity in public spaces?

(c) "Men must have corrupted nature a little, for they were not born wolves, and they have become wolves." (Answer in 150 words)

(c) If not faith leaders, what are your other options for breaking the behavioral barriers? (d) Do you think it is ethically right for a civil servant to involve faith leaders in promoting government schemes? (Answer in 250 words) 20 Marks

(a) What are the ethical issues involved in the above case? (b) What do you think principle-oriented and rule-abiding police personnel must do in the above case? Why? Justify (c) What do you think must assume priority in civil service, loyalty to the department, or being impartial and non-partisan in your decisions and service values?

3. (b) "If ethics are poor at the top, that behavior is copied down through the organization." - Robert Noyce (Answer in 150 words)

3. (c) "The end of law is not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve and enlarge freedom." - John Locke (Answer in 150 words)

With reference to this case study, answer the following: (a) What are the issues involved in this case? (b) What measures can be taken to minimize the negative implications of adopting such technologies? (Answer in 250 words)

In the context of the above-stated information, address the following: (a) What are the ethical issues in the given case study? (b) How can the vision of economic development of a nation be achieved without adversely affecting the sustainability of oceans? (Answer in 250 words)

Write short notes on the following in 30 words each: i) Ethical fading ii) Conflict of interest iii) Persuasion iv) Work culture v) Corporate governance

b) How can responsible and informed social media use be nurtured among children to make the internet a safer space for them?

Q.2) a) Differentiate between the following: i) Conscientiousness Vs. Conscience ii) Guilt Vs. Remorse

Q.6) a) What does each of the following quotations mean to you? Peace is not mere absence of war; it is presence of justice

b) The philanthropy of influential personalities can serve as a catalyst for fostering ethical conduct and responsibility in society. Explain with the help of examples.

b) While ethics in private and public relations may differ, their impact on one another is undeniable. Discuss with examples.

Q.4) a) How does persuasion help achieve a desired change in attitude? What are the elements of an effective persuasive approach?

Q.6) a) "In an increasingly complex world, emotional intelligence is a vital skill for civil servants, enabling them to navigate challenges, engage with diverse communities, and drive positive change." Elaborate.

5. (a) As professionals, civil servants are career focused and are also self-interested. At the same time, their service ethos imposes an obligation to serve the public interest selflessly. Is it possible for a civil servant to reconcile career and service obligation? Explain your position.

(c) "Men must have corrupted nature a little, for they were not born wolves, and they have become wolves."

1. (a) Besides being public servants, they are also citizens and have personal lives. At times, there is an inherent tension among the roles. How can a public servant effectively navigate the intrinsic tension between personal interests and official duties and between private inclinations and public obligations? Explain

3. (a) "When good individuals in any society become complacent and cease their vigilance and struggle, malevolent forces prevail." Discuss the role and significance of civil society in curbing corruption and official misconduct.

5. (a) How can civil servants cultivate a positive attitude towards the weaker sections of society? Suggest some implementable and practical steps.

(a) What are the ethical issues and dilemmas in the above case? (b) What are the options available to you in the above case? (c) Considering the persistent nature of the RTI activist and the public's right to information, how should you navigate the tension between national security concerns and the principles of transparency and accountability? Explain

(a) What are the issues and dilemmas that confront Ms. Sharma? (b) What ethical principles should guide Ms. Sharma in addressing the harassment and bullying complaints in her department? (c) What long-term strategies should be implemented to prevent harassment and bullying in government departments? How can these strategies promote a culture of respect and inclusivity? (Answer in 250 words) 20 marks

Public service takes place in a bureaucratic structure with clear lines of authority, value standardization, and accountability mechanisms. Working within such a structure, what do you think are the influences that impact the public servant's ethical decision-making?

Ultimately foreign policy of every country hinges upon the strength which the nation possesses. Strength may be military or financial and may be also...moral. Do you think ethical strength without military or financial muscle will be respected in today's world? Explain your position.

1. (b) The motivation to seek a career in public service and perform public service can be due to attraction to public service, commitment to public values, self-sacrifice and compassion. Among the four, what is the primary public service motivator for you? Explain your motivating factor.

2. (a) One of the critical areas of governance is developing policies for managing public health emergencies such as COVID. While tackling such health emergencies, the government may take measures that involve the abdication of liberty on the part of the citizens. According to you, what ethical principles should guide the government's public health policymaking?

4. Explain the meaning of the following quotations and discuss their contemporary relevance. (a) The root of happiness is Dharma (righteousness), the root of Dharma is Artha (economy), the root of Artha is right governance.

3. (b) Explain the difference between codes of ethics, codes of conduct and codes of rules and regulations. Do you think an increase in the number of codes and regulations is an efficient response to the decline of public trust and integrity issues? Why/why not?

4. (b) "The most important human endeavour is the striving for morality in our actions. Our inner balance and even our existence depend on it. Only morality in our actions can give beauty and dignity to life."

5. (b) Distinguish between administrative, legal and professional accountability. Despite multiple institutional accountability mechanisms, the government has failed to make a dent in systemic corruption. What do you think are the reasons for the poor performance of accountability mechanisms?

1. What are the issues and ethical dilemmas involved in the above case? 2. How would you proceed with the case if you were the officer in charge? 3. Explore relevant options and advise what course of action Rashmi should take. 4. How would you see the widow as a victim of her husband's crime or an accused? Justify.

4. (c) "Periods of peace are the empty pages in the history books"

(b) "The price good men pay for indifference to public affairs is to be ruled by evil men."

6. (a) Does the suffering of individuals in one part of the world generate moral demands of assistance on those foreigners who live far away from them? Are these moral demands of assistance justified? Can governments be held morally responsible for failing to help the international community in times of deprivation? Discuss.

(b) "While competence without compassion can be brutal and inhumane; similarly, compassion without competence can be meaningless for persons seeking help." Explain the above with the help of a suitable illustration in the context of public services. (Answer in 150 words) 10 Marks

b) The balance between laws and conscience is delicate; when synchronized, they promote ethical conduct, but their discord can give rise to significant ethical dilemmas. Illustrate with examples

Q.1) a) What constitutes journalistic ethics? Highlight the role of media, particularly mass media, in shaping ethical values in contemporary times.